Summarizing for the exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Summarizing for the exam - Essay Example Similarly the case study conducted by the Carlo, Lyyntines and Boland suggest that the organizations when view the IT systems as socio-technical systems, they tend to mitigate the risks of change through the combination of social/technical actors. This change process can be described through various models which take on to define how change in the organization takes place. For example, Kurt Lewin suggested a 3 stage model which comprehend the process of change into three stages whereas the model by Gleciher suggest that strong organizational dissatisfaction, vision for the future and taking immediate and tactical actions when exceed the amount of resistance for change than there will be a meaningful change within the organization. The five cognitive processes defined in the case study by Carlo, Lyyntines and Boland also suggest the same proximity with this model as the preoccupation with the failure and underspecificaion of the structure suggest the change process to tackle the risks . It must also be noted that the changes within the organizations take place mostly due to the internal and external risks faced by the organization. While changes take place within the organizations due to external and internal risks however these risks arise due to certain drivers which bring change in the organizations. These key drivers of change can vary accordingly however technology remains one of the key variables in the process of brining in change. It is through the so called disruptive technology that the change is comprehended which necessitate the paradigm shift for the organizations. Business Process re-engineering is therefore a planned and readymade response from the organizations to embarrass the change. Through Business Process Re-engineering, there occurs a fundamental re-think of the organizational processes and other systems and procedures including people. The case study by the Carlo, Lyyntines

The concept of self-determination in international law is, in Essay

The concept of self-determination in international law is, in practice, less wide-ranging than might be supposed - Essay Example It is in terms of whether the human element within several states is entitled to choices that may lead to severing their destiny from that of a given state and ultimately disrupt the state’s body politic. (Coicaud, 2001, p.53). The uniqueness of self-determination makes the existence of a corresponding international rule whether contractual or general far more problematic. This also varies in degree according to whether its conceived as a right conferred by international law or as a right which states an internationally obliged to ensure within their legal systems self determination as seen as a freedom within the internal logic of declaration, human rights and fundamental freedom which every state would be bound under general law, charter or other instruments to ensure it to persons or groups within their legal system, a matter de lege ferenda. (Karen, 2002, p.29). Exceptions are allowed in given arrangements of conventional law. Personality of individuals is not believed in international law. Thus the existing international law is even further from ensuring a right of self-determination as a matter of direct right under international law itself. International law and international politics comprise the rules and reality of the international system so that it makes sense to study one without the other. Scholars decide to separate the so called `real politiks from the utopian idealism on the emphasis that the failure of League of Nations and the rise of fascism were clear demonstrations of the ineffectiveness and irrelevance of international law and institutions’2. This described reality was as anarchic international law system in which the state was the primary actor and its interaction with other states was in a context of a competitive war of all against all motivated by national self interest and a thirst for power. (Karen, 2002, p.42). The tribunal created